The dramatic success Essay Example For Students

The emotional achievement Essay Following The Reverend Parris supplication to cast out the fiend Mary, obviously, can't take the conditions of being forced any longer and gets crazy. She shouts and has an obvious fit. The anticipation which has been working during Marys addressing has gone to a peak and the scene becomes overpowered with dramatization when Mary blames Proctor for wizardry. Delegate response to the allegation of being the Devils man is freezing, a formerly candid maybe even valiant in his endeavors to carry equity to the court and free his better half, is halted abruptly and he becomes desensitized this shows the ghastliness that Proctor faces and the frightfulness that is being looked in front of an audience. When Mary has turned around to cherish God, she is connected for by Abigail, who is depicted to different characters amusingly as magnanimous. This maybe is emblematic of her triumph. Mill operator maybe utilizes this for sensational reason so as to pass on to the crowd how the agitation of Salem has advanced into close to craziness. Danforth following this shouts he is joined with hostile to Christ befouled with Hell and keeping a dark devotion these ground-breaking phrases express his appall at Proctor and it makes an incredible impact upon the scene. These allegations against Proctor made by Mary would have been viewed as frightening cases in a religious society, significantly expanded in seriousness in light of the fact that Danforth restores these cases. Mill operators develop in strain all through the demonstration paves the way to the last most emotional piece of the Act and ostensibly the play. Delegate answer God is dead! which identifies with his conviction that God isn't a piece of Salem any longer particularly the court, would have offended the court in this general public and dazed different characters into quietness. The crowd, who must understand the significance of religion inside this settlement, would be stunned at Proctors mental fortitude in offering these expressions and they would appreciate the size of the suggestions the announcement would have. He gives a last discourse proclaiming his conviction that Danforth and the others realizes the procedures are extortion in their dark hearts and he communicates his disdain I see his tarnished face. Also, it is yours Danforth. So also to the past comment this would have had a considerable effect upon both the crowd and different characters. They are bewildered and dazed into quietness, all the structure up in strain and tension all through the Act has leaded up to this last second and the outcomes are unbelievably incredible. All in all, Miller figures out how to make a fruitful sensational peak toward the finish of Act III. Major to this achievement is Millers inclusion with the crowd, all through the acceleration of strain during the demonstration Miller has had the option to enthrall the crowd by the utilization of minutes with show, pressure and anticipation. Another way he accomplished the inclusion of the crowd was causing them to feel sincerely so emphatically towards specific characters, maybe sympathy for Mary Warren or disdain towards Abigail Williams. An extra strategy Miller utilizes to intrigue the crowd is by controlling the authentic and social setting. To advance mentally to the crowd of the play Miler, specifically the contemporary crowd, Millers basic message is to delineate the craziness of McCarthyism by contrasting it with the Salem witch-chase. The commitment of the crowd is urgent to the sensational accomplishment of the entire play; this is on the grounds that the show happening in front of an audience at the peak of the play would be totally immaterial if the crowd were not propelled during the Act. The authentic setting of the content itself is critical to the sensational accomplishment toward the finish of Act III. The setting of a religious society incredibly impacts upon the whole play, it adds to the mania, dramatization and at last the disappointment of the crowd. This is delineated by all the principle scenes inside Act III including religion, for example, Abigails vision of Mary Warren sending her soul upon her and the allegation of Proctors managing the fallen angel by Mary. .u4ccd8daf4ea2fed92c2c2c66051551ff , .u4ccd8daf4ea2fed92c2c2c66051551ff .postImageUrl , .u4ccd8daf4ea2fed92c2c2c66051551ff .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u4ccd8daf4ea2fed92c2c2c66051551ff , .u4ccd8daf4ea2fed92c2c2c66051551ff:hover , .u4ccd8daf4ea2fed92c2c2c66051551ff:visited , .u4ccd8daf4ea2fed92c2c2c66051551ff:active { border:0!important; } .u4ccd8daf4ea2fed92c2c2c66051551ff .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u4ccd8daf4ea2fed92c2c2c66051551ff { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: mistiness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u4ccd8daf4ea2fed92c2c2c66051551ff:active , .u4ccd8daf4ea2fed92c2c2c66051551ff:hover { haziness: 1; progress: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u4ccd8daf4ea2fed92c2c2c66051551ff .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relat ive; } .u4ccd8daf4ea2fed92c2c2c66051551ff .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; text-embellishment: underline; } .u4ccd8daf4ea2fed92c2c2c66051551ff .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u4ccd8daf4ea2fed92c2c2c66051551ff .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; textual style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt sweep: 3px; text-adjust: focus; text-enhancement: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4ccd8daf4ea2fed92c2c2c66051551ff:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u4ccd8daf4ea2f ed92c2c2c66051551ff .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u4ccd8daf4ea2fed92c2c2c66051551ff-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u4ccd8daf4ea2fed92c2c2c66051551ff:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: How does Shakespeare make strain in Act 1 Scene 5 EssayIn my supposition, I imagine that the religious government is a central point adding to the sensational achievement of the peak; it is the motivation behind why Proctors shout of God is dead is so incredible. At last, to finish up, Millers formation of a significantly fruitful peak depends on the significance of contribution with the crowd and Millers usage of social and chronicled setting in The Crucible

Information Systems Acquisition Development And Maintenance Information Technology Essay

Data Systems Acquisition Development And Maintenance Information Technology Essay The ISO 27002 standard is the new name of the ISO 17799 norm. It is code of training for data security. It essentially diagrams many potential controls and control instruments, which might be actualized. The standard which is to be built up rules and general standards for starting, executing, keeping up, and improving data security the board inside an association. The real controls recorded in the standard are proposed to address the particular necessities distinguished through a proper hazard evaluation. The standard is additionally expected to give a manual for the improvement of authoritative security principles and powerful security the executives practices and it is likewise useful in building trust in between hierarchical exercises ISOs tentative arrangements for this standard are centered generally around the turn of events and distribution of industry explicit renditions. One of the substance of the ISO 27002 is data framework obtaining, improvement, and support, the subtleties of which are as per the following:- Data Systems Acquisition, Development, and Maintenance (ISO 27002) Chapter by chapter list Review Principles Security Requirements of the data frameworks Right handling of the data Cryptographic control Security of the framework documents Security being developed and bolster forms Specialized defenselessness Management Diagram Data security must be considered in the Systems Development Lifecycle (SDLC) forms for indicating, building/obtaining, testing, actualizing and keeping up IT frameworks. Mechanized and manual security control necessities ought to be broke down and completely distinguished during the prerequisites phase of the frameworks advancement or procurement process, and consolidated into business cases.â Purchased programming ought to be officially tried for security, and any issues hazard surveyed. The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC), or Software Development Life Cycleâ in systemsâ andâ software designing, is the way toward making or changing frameworks, and the models andâ methodologiesâ that individuals use to build up these frameworks. The idea by and large alludes toâ computerâ orâ information frameworks. Frameworks Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a procedure utilized by aâ systems analystâ to create anâ information framework, includingâ requirements, validation,â training, and client (partner) possession. Any SDLC should bring about a top notch framework that meets or surpasses client desires, arrives at consummation inside time and quotes, works viably and productively in the current and planned Information Technologyâ infrastructure, and is cheap to keep up and financially savvy to upgrade Measures ISO 27002: Information Security Managementâ Statement 12: Information Systems Acquisition, Development, and Maintenance Security Requirements of the data frameworks Security can be incorporated into data frameworks obtaining, improvement and support by actualizing compelling security rehearses in the accompanying regions. Security necessities for data frameworks Right handling in applications Cryptographic controls Security of framework documents Security being developed and bolster forms Specialized defenselessness the executives Data frameworks security starts with joining security into theâ requirementsâ process for any new application or framework improvement. Security ought to be structured into the framework from the earliest starting point. Security necessities are introduced to the merchant during the prerequisites period of an item buy. Formal testing ought to be done to decide if the item meets the necessary security particulars preceding buying the productâ Security necessities are set up to guarantee as a fundamental piece of the turn of events or execution of a data frameworks. The obtaining of a framework or application regularly incorporates a Request for Proposals (RFP), which is a conventional acquisition process. During this procedure, security prerequisites should be recognized. Indiana University incorporates bothâ a security survey and a security poll as a major aspect of the RFP procedure. Get familiar with this powerful practice. The principle target of this class is to guarantee that security is a basic piece of the associations data frameworks, and of the business forms related with those frameworks. Right handling of the data This class means to forestall mistakes, misfortune, unapproved adjustment or abuse of data in applications. Application configuration incorporates controls, for example, those to approve input/yield information, inward processing,â and message trustworthiness, so as to forestall erros and protect information respectability. Information validation Data contribution to applications ought to be approved to guarantee that the information is right and appropriate.â Control incorporates utilization of both programmed and manual strategies for information confirmation and cross-checking, as suitable and characterized duties and procedures for reacting to distinguished blunders. Control of interior preparing Validation registers ought to be consolidated with applications to recognize the defilement of data through handling mistakes or intentional acts.â â Control incorporates utilization of both programmed and manual techniques for information confirmation and cross-checking, as suitable and characterized obligations and procedures for reacting to distinguished blunders. Message integrity Requirements for guaranteeing legitimacy and ensuring message honesty in applications ought to be recognized, and fitting controls distinguished and actualized. Yield information validation Data yield from applications ought to be approved to guarantee that the preparing of put away data is right and suitable to the circumstances.â Control incorporates utilization of both programmed and manual strategies for information confirmation and cross-checking, as proper and characterized obligations and procedures for reacting to identified blunders. Cryptographic control Goal of cryptographic is toâ describe contemplations for an encryption strategy so as to secure data privacy, uprightness, and legitimacy. A cryptography approach ought to be characterized, covering jobs and obligations, advanced marks, non-revocation, the board of keys and computerized certificatesâ etc. Certain information, by their inclination, require specific classification insurance. Furthermore, there might be authoritative or other lawful punishments for inability to keep up legitimate secrecy when Social Security Numbers are included, for instance. Gatherings who may obtain unapproved access to the information however who don't approach the encryption key the secret word that scrambled the information can't plausibly translate the information. Information exist in one of three states: very still in travel or experiencing handling. Information are especially defenseless against unapproved get to when in travel or very still. Versatile PCs (holding information very still) are a typical objective for physical robbery, and information in travel over a system might be captured. Unapproved access may likewise happen while information are being prepared, however here the security framework may depend on the handling application to control, and report on, such access endeavors. This class intends to ensure the privacy, trustworthiness and credibility of data by cryptographic methods. Arrangement on the utilization of cryptographic controls. Approaches on the utilization of cryptographic controls for assurance of data ought to be created and implemented.â Control incorporates Explanation of general standards and the board way to deal with the utilization of cryptographic controls Determinations dependent on a careful hazard assessment,â that considers appropriateâ algorithm choices, key administration and other center highlights of cryptographic executions. Thought of legitimate limitations on innovation arrangements. Application, as fitting, to information very still and fixed-area gadgets, information shipped by portable/removable media and implanted in cell phones, and information transmitted over interchanges connections and particular of jobs and duties regarding usage of and the checking of consistence with the strategy key management. Key the board strategies and procedures ought to be actualized to help an associations utilization of cryptographic techniques.â Control incorporates systems for disseminating, putting away, chronicling and changing/updatingâ keys recuperating, denying/obliterating and managing traded off keys; and logging all exchanges related with keys. Security of the framework documents The principle objective is to guarantee the security of framework records. Security prerequisites ought to be distinguished and concurred before the turn of events or obtaining of data frameworks. Security prerequisites investigation and particular An investigation of the prerequisites for security controls ought to be completed at the necessities examination phase of each task. Control of operationalâ software. Methodology ought to be implementedâ to control the establishment of programming on operational frameworks, to limit the danger of breaks in or defilement of data services.â Control incorporates: refreshing performed uniquely with proper administration approval; refreshing performed distinctly by fittingly prepared work force; just fittingly tried and confirmed programming sent to operational frameworks; fitting change the board and setup control forms for all phases of refreshing; proper documentation of the idea of the change and the procedures used to execute it; a rollback system set up, including maintenance of earlier forms as a possibility measure; and Suitable review logs kept up to follow changes. Access to framework documents (both executable projects and source code) and test information ought to be controlled. To guarantee that framework filesâ and sensi

Coping With PTSD in Family Members

Coping With PTSD in Family Members PTSD Coping Print Dealing With PTSD in Your Family By Matthew Tull, PhD twitter Matthew Tull, PhD is a professor of psychology at the University of Toledo, specializing in post-traumatic stress disorder. Learn about our editorial policy Matthew Tull, PhD Updated on February 18, 2020 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes & Risk Factors Treatment Living With In Children Dann Tardif/LWA/Getty Images Coping with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in family members can be difficult because the effect of PTSD on the family can be great. Studies have shown that families in which a parent has PTSD are characterized by more anxiety, unhappiness, marital problems and behavioral problems among children in the family as compared to families where a parent does not have PTSD.?? This finding is not entirely surprising. PTSD symptoms can cause a person to act in ways that may be hard for family members to understand. Their behavior may appear erratic and strange or be upsetting. The Role of the Family The family can either positively or negatively impact a loved ones PTSD symptoms. The first step in living with and helping a loved one with PTSD is learning about the symptoms of PTSD and understanding how these symptoms may influence behavior. Re-Experiencing Symptoms People with PTSD sometimes relive the traumatic event, also known as re-experiencing symptoms.?? The re-experiencing symptoms of PTSD include:Frequently having upsetting thoughts or memories about a traumatic eventHaving recurrent nightmaresActing or feeling as though the traumatic event is happening again sometimes called a flashbackHaving very strong feelings of distress when reminded of the traumatic eventBeing physically responsive, such as experiencing a surge in your heart rate or sweating, when reminded of the traumatic event Thoughts and memories about a traumatic event can easily be triggered or brought up. Many things can serve as a trigger, such as certain words, sights, sounds or smells. As a result, a person with PTSD may not always appear present in the moment. Frequent thoughts may interfere with concentration or the ability to follow a conversation. In addition, because thoughts and memories about a traumatic event can easily be triggered, a person with PTSD may quickly and easily become upset. To the person without PTSD, these experiences of distress or anxiety may appear to come completely out of the blue. Some people with PTSD may also act as if the traumatic event is occurring again.? They may regard you as a completely different person. When this is happening, the person with PTSD does not necessarily know what they are doing, as they are in a dissociative state, meaning they are not functioning normally. Avoidance Symptoms Another symptom of PTSD is avoidance, which involves avoiding anything that reminds you of the traumatic event.?? Avoidance symptoms  include:Making an effort to avoid thoughts, feelings, or conversations about the traumatic eventMaking an effort to avoid places or people that remind you of the traumatic eventHaving a difficult time remembering important parts of the traumatic eventA loss of interest in important, once positive, activitiesFeeling distant from othersExperiencing difficulties having positive feelings, such as happiness or loveFeeling as though your life may be cut short Even though a person with PTSD may go out of his way to avoid certain people, places, or activities, its not because the person is no longer interested in them, its because these things somehow trigger thoughts and memories about the traumatic event. Family members may also feel as though their loved one with PTSD is emotionally cut-off or distant. This is not a personal choice on the part of the person with PTSD. People with PTSD have been found to experience something called emotional numbing. As the name implies, emotional numbing refers to the inability to have certain emotions. Emotional numbing may interfere with a persons ability to experience or express love and joy.?? Hyperarousal Symptoms Feeling keyed up, or hyperaroused is another PTSD symptom.?? Hyperarousal symptoms  include:Having a difficult time falling or staying asleepFeeling more irritable or having outbursts of angerHaving difficulty concentratingFeeling constantly on guard or like danger is lurking around every cornerBeing jumpy or easily startled If you have PTSD, you may feel as if you, and maybe your family as well, are in danger. You may be in a constant state of readiness. As a result, you may be more edgy or irritable. Some people with PTSD, especially those with PTSD due to combat, may also decide that certain places or situations are unsafe such as subways or busy, crowded places. These places or situations would then be avoided at all costs. What a Family Can Do A family can do a number of things to cope with a loved ones PTSD, including: Understand that behavior does not necessarily equal true feelings. Your loved one may want to go out with friends and family but is too afraid of running into upsetting thoughts and memories. It is important for family members to understand their loved ones symptoms and the impact of those symptoms on behavior.Know the triggers. A family also needs to be aware of their loved ones triggers. For example, if you know that the nightly news on the TV always triggers your loved ones PTSD symptoms, you may want to schedule other activities during that time so there is no way that your loved one will experience that particular trigger.Consider changing routines. Family members may also need to change their routines based on a loved ones symptoms. For example, if your loved one tends to have nightmares, try to figure out a way to wake him up without touching him. Some people with PTSD may respond as though they are being attacked.Get help. Support groups and/or couples counseling may be a goo d way to learn how to communicate with your loved one, as well as cope with PTSD symptoms.?? They may also help you find the best way to encourage your loved one to get help if he or she hasnt already. Family Support Is Crucial The symptoms of PTSD are the bodys attempt to cope with extreme stress. Recovery from PTSD can be a long and difficult road. A familys support and understanding can be invaluable in your loved ones journey to recovery.??

Similarities in the Artwork of Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt,...

The artworks of Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, the Aegean cultures, and Ancient Greece have similarities that not only reflect objects and images, but also the media, style and representation. These countries were not always wealthy, clever, creative and powerful enough to gain supplies, but they all find a way to create art with what they had. They have all influenced on each other’s cultures and belief through their artistic values and ways, ranging from the materials and tools they use, position and representation of their monuments and their religious intent. Mesopotamia’s first invention was a form of writing called cuneiform which was written on clay tablets with a sharp reed called a stylus. This permitted for recording events and†¦show more content†¦Most Greek figures were influenced by animals and were occasionally created using different animal body parts. The Egyptians were further involved in creating countless monumental sculptures of their pharaohs and queens. Other than limestone the Egyptians also used painted wood and sandstone and later used gold and bronze to strengthen their sculptures, while Greeks would use marble and bronze. The difference in religious beliefs between the two time periods is the major difference because Egyptians had a very solid belief in the after-life and helping their dead find a better life after death whereas the Greeks lacked such belief. Ancient Greece borrowed various of their concepts from the Egyptians and Mesopotamians to improve their individual and independent artistic identity through painting, sculpture, and architecture. Much of the artwork was government supported and available for public viewing in the cities. The Greeks were also involved in contributing to the beginning of medicine and astronomy and their perception of balance and proportion of form. The Greek government was minor and had several cities and states that were independent. This was different from Egyptian politics because it had a more conservative style. The Greeks were similar to the Egyptians in that both had restricted room for farming and made used of the columns. Even though the Greeks pick up the idea from the Egyptians,Show MoreRelatedThe Birth of Civilization18947 Words   |  76 PagesHear the Audio for Chapter 1 at www.myhistorylab.com CRAIMC01_xxxii-031hr2.qxp 2/17/11 3:22 PM Page xxxii EARLY HUMANS AND THEIR CULTURE page 1 WHY IS â€Å"culture† considered a defining trait of human beings? EARLY CIVILIZATIONS IN THE MIDDLE EAST TO ABOUT 1000 B.C.E. page 5 HOW DID control over water resources influence early Middle Eastern civilizations? ANCIENT NEAR EASTERN EMPIRES page 14 HOW DID conquest and trade shape early empires in the Near East? EARLY INDIAN CIVILIZATION page 16

Sexual Abuse and the Changing Nature of Vicarious Liability

Case note Sexual abuse and the changing nature of vicarious liability Case: Various Claimants v Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools [2012] UKSC 5: [2012] 3 W.L.R. 1319 (SC) According to Steele, vicarious liability is defined as an employer being found liable for the tort of his or her employee, provided that tort is sufficiently connected with the individual’s employment. On the face of it, this definition seems straightforward and clear, however you only need to look at the plethora of cases which have come to light in recent years to see that the reality is very different. The case of Various Claimants v Institute of the Brothers of the Christian Schools, (CCWS) is the latest case which has served to further develop the†¦show more content†¦Winfield and Jolowicz recognise the existence of relationships which resemble, but are not technically employer/employee relationships; an example being that of the vicarious liability of the chief constable of police for the torts committed by his police force. This means therefore that the doctrine is capable of extending to other relationships. Although Lord Phillips came to the correct conclusion, he did not provide a coherent structure for courts to follow when making future decisions., his analysis is useful for cases with very similar features to this one, but will be of limited use to cases where the circumstances are different, this will of course be most cases and therefore he should have provided more guidance, this is particularly evident when looking at the features which he thought made their relationship closer than that of an employer and employees. There is no discernible logic which links the two factors together, and it is unlikely that a court will be able to infer from those two features a common rule which can be applied to other situations. Additionally, he stated that it was possible for an unincorporated association to be vicariously liable for tortious acts of one orShow MoreRelatedBusiness Law I Summary34667 Words   |  139 Pagescomplaining about the rigidity of the common law. Civil liability are contract and tort. * Contractual liability arises when two or more persons enter into a legally enforceable agreement with each other. * Tortuous liability = a tort consists of the breach of duty imposed by the law(negligence, trespass) Criminal liability before convicted you have to prove mens rea (guilty mind) and actus reus (prohibited act). Strict liability are wrongful acts where prove of mens rea does not needRead MoreTorture and Custodial Violence in Prisons12554 Words   |  51 Pagesprisoners, and prisoners whose sentences have been overturned by DNA evidence, it becomes clear that humane prison conditions are a fundamental human right.   Prisoners face extremely destructive problems on a daily basis, including physical and sexual abuse by both guards and fellow inmates, gang violence, untreated physical or mental â€Å"The care of human life and happiness, and not their destruction, is the first and only object of good government.† -- Thomas Jefferson health problems, and concernsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesDiversity 40 Demographic Characteristics of the U.S. Workforce 41 †¢ Levels of Diversity 42 †¢ Discrimination 42 Biographical Characteristics 44 Age 44 †¢ Sex 46 †¢ Race and Ethnicity 48 †¢ Disability 48 †¢ Other Biographical Characteristics: Tenure, Religion, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity 50 Ability 52 Intellectual Abilities 52 †¢ Physical Abilities 55 †¢ The Role of Disabilities 56 Implementing Diversity Management Strategies 56 Attracting, Selecting, Developing, and Retaining Diverse Employees 56 †¢

Dakota Territory and Tool Box Enhancing Free Essays

The only thing that’s holding them back is the right group Of people. â€Å"Okay. So w?al need a scientist or two in case conditions are too harsh, too hot, or too dangerous. We will write a custom essay sample on Dakota Territory and Tool Box Enhancing or any similar topic only for you Order Now We need a strong body builder in case there really is life on Venus. We should bring some friends too so they can experience this incredible opportunity. And last but not least, the person who is willing to stay back, in case we†¦ -Dakota gulped. Never come back†¦ They will come looking for us. Dakota says sternly and seriously. Duke brings back his pro wrestler friend, Jack, who is willing to tag along. Dakota calls her old science teacher, Mr.. Seemlier and explains everything. He brings two more scientists because of how ecstatic they are to do this. Jake, Kelly and Viper are down to go as well. â€Å"Now are you guys still on board? Says duke. The whole gang simultaneously says yes and nods their heads. â€Å"Now. We need supplies. Jack, you get the cameras, video tapes, audio recorders, everything. † † Mr.. Seemlier, you and your scientists will get the dried astronaut food. Two weeks’ worth. † â€Å"Jake, Kelly, Viper. You guys will need to bring gallons of water, first aid supplies, and anything else you may need. † â€Å"Duke and I will handle the pillows, blankets and clothes. We will also make sure our space craft is ready for takeoff. † â€Å"Wait! Who’s guan be the person to stay back in case something happens? † says Duke. â€Å"Crap I forgot! Molly will! Know she will. I’ll call her. † Dakota repels. â€Å"So we all meet here. Tomorrow. With all supplies. No later than sunset. We don’t want it to be too hot. † 1 . The words highlighted in blue are the sentences that use the repetition of words. The words highlighted in yellow are the short phrases separated by commas. The words highlighted in purple are the short sentences to provoke a fast paced tone. 2. Used dialogue to show that they like each other a lot and to show how serious they were about this conspiracy. I feel I choose appropriate words for the situation such as â€Å"l was born ready. † And â€Å"Now are you guys still on board? † How to cite Dakota Territory and Tool Box Enhancing, Papers

The Importance of Similarity in Building a Friendship free essay sample

What are the aspects of a real friendship? Usually people become friends when someone likes the qualities of another person, and he is attracted to the other because he saw in him similar aspects, and he found in this friend the person that he wants to be through his personality and appearance. Friendship is founded on a similarity of attitudes and behaviors between people. Some people do not agree with this supposition and think that friendship could be made between different people who are not similar to each other. Unlike others who support the idea that they cannot be friends with people who are not same in their attitudes and behaviors. My point of view is the second idea. I agree that people cannot be friends if they are not similar. There are several reasons which led me to think like that. First of all, friendship is an empathy between friends. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Similarity in Building a Friendship or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Also, this relationship is created by sharing and enjoying life. Finally, people who say they have friends that are not similar forgot that, later, the influence of each person on the other leads to similarity. First, the empathy between friends is the most important characteristic of a relationship. They need to understand each other. You cannot be involved in a friendship if you are not empathetic with your supposed friend, and you feel a distance between you two. Later a lot of problems will appear, and you cannot continue that relationship. For example, when I came to New York, I met some classmates who I tried to make a friendship with. These people were from different countries and cultures. One of them was ejected from the group because he was not involved with the others. We felt that this classmate was selfish and used people just to spend a good time. He was always present when we hung out, but we never saw him when someone needed help. Because we felt this, we could not be friends, and that shows empathy is a result of the similarity between friends. Next, there is sharing activities and enjoying life together because If people are similar they can share activities and enjoy life. If not, they cannot do activities together because one of them doesn’t want to do what he dislikes just to please his friend. Even if he tries to do it, he will not enjoy it, and later he will be tired to do what he doesn’t like. Therefore, the relationship will be damaged. But if they are similar, they will enjoy sharing these activities. As a result, they will enjoy their lives together and not feel that they forced themselves to do what they don’t like just to please their friends. For instance, one of my friends in New York couldn’t stay in a relationship with me and my friends because we saw him only in class. He never came with us to play pool, go bowling, or play soccer. We enjoyed life together, but he couldn’t follow our routine. Unconsciously, he chose to be far from us. If people are not similar, they cannot share and enjoy life together. Finally, there is the possibility to build a friendship with people who are not similar, but they forget their influences on each other. Of course, there are some friends who are not similar, and they accept each other, but the fact they accept the attitudes and behaviors of each other leads them to become similar through their relationship. Afer time they will be influenced by each other because in the beginning of the relationship each one liked something in the other and hoped to be like the other. If there is no influence, the relationship cannot endure for a long time because people can’t accept friends’ qualities, behaviors, and manners which are against their own principals. In this context, I want to give an example about my best friend in whole my life. I have a friend named Malik. When I met Malik, I hated him. He made fun of people, was smoking drugs, and he complained about all things. I was different. I never smoked drugs, I respected all people and I tried to enjoy my life. One time, I met him at a cafeteria of my college and we played a card game together. It was the first time I got close to him. Soon, we became best friends. He stopped doing drugs, and now he respects everyone, and he became a wiser man more than me I think. I think these changes in his attitude and behaviors were the result of my influence on him. In conclusion, people search and try to find a real friendship that can maintain throughout their lives. Sometimes some of them find themselves in the personality of other people and they become friends. This attraction leads to understanding the basis of a real friendship. People tend to select their friends depending on their similarities in their attitudes and behaviors. Some people do not agree and support the idea that friends could be not similar. On the other hand, other people agree that similarity is a condition for a real relationship, and I am one of those people. Friendship needs empathy for people to be on in the same wavelength. If not, friends will have in a lot of problems and misunderstandings. Empathy is a result of the similarity. Also, friendship needs sharing the same interests between friends. If not, a great part of your life has to be lived without sharing activities and enjoying life with your friends. Maybe people who believe that they don’t need to be similar when making a friendship forgot the fact of the influence that fuses the differences between them and leads these friends to be more similar.

Communication in the Workplace Essays

Communication in the Workplace Essays Communication in the Workplace Essay Communication in the Workplace Essay Module Code: PM 025 Class/Group: Group A Module Title: Contemporary Organisational Behaviour Assignment Title: Final Essay Assignment Title: Communication in the workplace Tutor Name: Frenie Antony Student ID Number: 2059591 Date of Submission: 21st Match 2013 Communication in the workplace The definition of communication is ‘a process in which information and its meaning (common understanding) is conveyed by a sender to receiver (s)’ (Rollinson and Broadfield, 2002:612, and Jones and George, 2011, cited in Antony and Macvicar, 2011:146). In Rollinson and Broadfield’s theory ‘meaning’ was more important than ‘information’, as long as both sender and receiver can understand the meaning of information, even the feedback is not necessarily in the communication ptocess. In addition, ‘The exchange of ideas and information is the lifeblood of any organization. ’ (Hodge and Johnson, 1970: 93). In the other words, communication for an organization is the same as the blood flow for human being. (Conrad and Poole, 2012:5). Furthermore, according to Hodge and Johnson (1970) and O’Reilly and Pondy (1979), Dekay (2012) communication shaped the organization by interaction the organization and its environment, as the result, communication maybe the only connection between the organization and outside world. Besides, The majority aim of communication was enhance the connection between different roles in the company and smooth the working processes (Smith and Davidson, 1991, cited in Smith 1991:22). Therefore, Williams’s and Smith and Davidson’s ideas might argue that the purpose of communication in the workplace was improving the work efficiency and finally increasing the profit. This essay will argue that barrier to communication in the organization may not only influence the further market expansion of company, but also push the company to the edge of bankrupt, as its can distortion the meaning of information during the communication process. Furthermore, this essay will mainly divided into two parts, first, indicate the communication processes in the organization and verify some barriers (power difference barrier, cultural diversity barrier, individual perception barrier and so on) during the communication processes, second, inspect three case study of different companies (Bernard Matthew farms, The Luxor Company, Exxon Mobil, BP, Shell and ChevronTexaco) which had conquered the communication barriers. Normally, there were three directions of communication in the workplace: ‘vertically’ (superior and subordinate), ‘laterally’ (horizontal), and ‘diagonally’ (Rollinson and Broadfield, 2002:627). Furthermore, the communication processes unsurely consisted of two parts, the sender and receiver (Williams 1991, cited Smith, 1991:120 and Hodge and Johnson, 1970:150, Rollinson and Broadfield, 2002:612). On one hand, sender wanted to transfer an idea, the idea needed to be ‘Encoded’, which means translated the message into general language. Then choosing a ‘Channel’, for instance, by e-mail, by telephone, put an advertisement and so on. After that, receiver received the massage from sender and they should try to ‘Decoded’ the message, which means the receiver should try to understand what sender’s meaning, at last gave respond (feedback) to the sender (Rollinson and Broadfield, 2002:617 and Buelens et al, 2011, cited in Antony and MacVicar, 2011:109). On the other hand, the barriers, which called ‘Noise’, existed during these six processes, and might lead to organization ‘communication collapses’, even worse, the bankrupt of company (Hodge and Johnson, 1970: 151). The barriers of communication often separated into two parts: ‘external barriers to the communication’ and ‘internal barriers to the communication’ (Williams 1991, cited in Smith, 1991:117, and Coulson-Thomas and Coulson-Thomas, 1997:267). To be more specific, first, external barrier often indicated as: neglect the extra message, ignore the importance of the information that processes it all followed by first-come-first-served rule, and slack to the responsibility (Williams 1991, cited in Smith, 1991:117). Second, there were five performance of internal barrier: first, could not find a need of communication, second, careless in understanding the information or tend to not correspond at all. Third, ‘Encoded’ problem, the sender introduce in professional way that make message unclear or the sender executed it in a wrong ‘channel’, the message could not receive by target customer. Fourth, the message might tamper during the transfer. Fifth, the personality might influence people’s understanding and acceptance of the message (ibid). The lack of communication might trigger a death for a company. For example, Bernard Matthews farms (the largest turkey supplier in the UK) started to lose reputation since 2005, because of the incident of unhealthy turkey for students in improve-school-meal program, then reached at the peak because of outbreak of bird flu and exposure of imported turkey from abroad, which against the idea of company. What was worse, Matthews never responded and defended themselves to the media in time (The Times 100, 2012). With reference to Williams’s (1991, cited in Smith, 1991:117) theory, the farm met one of the external communication barriers that the manager notice the problem they faced, however, took no respond of it. Before Matthews took any actions the company already lost 35% of selling in the UK, and it was standing on the edge of bankrupt (The Times 100, 2012). As mentioned above, the purpose of communication is to make organization work better and increasing the profit. With reference of Rollinson’s theory (2002: 617), during the improved communication processes, Bernard Matthews acted in three ways to simulate the internal stakeholders: formal written (weekly newsletters), electronic communication (company’s intranet site), and face to face communication. While Bernard also try to change external stakeholders’ attitude by: internet (four websites with different target customer) and social media (advertisement). These series of action offered high information richness which easily understood and accepted by both internal and external stakeholders, in addition, it rescued the Bernard Matthews farms from bankrupt to 9% annual increasing rate. To sum up, an effective communication, both internal and external, could help overcome the barriers and change the loss position. The communication could not only help company changing the loss position, but also make great effort for company’s further development. The Luxor Company (manufactures domestic and office furniture), which headquarters had 750 employees approximately and located in outskirts of Paris , for instance, increased dramatically in a short time that the CEO of company, Charles Binochet, realised everything seemed to be not working as smoothly as before. Furthermore, Charles believed that the rapid development would become a serious barrier when the next wave of market expansion coming (Rollinson and Broadfield, 2002:626). According to Williams (1991, sited in Smith, 1991:117), the barriers of the Luxor Company was external communication barriers, which means both the employers and the employees could not take care of the extra information, ignore the importance of the different information, and slack to the responsibility to the company. By hiring a consultant the Luxor Company solved problem of the lack of connection between production and marketing and no financial control system problem (Roillinson and Broadfield, 2002:626). However, the chaos of relations in the organization still existed. After some discussion, the Luxor tried to keep all of its in touch with company and its actions by provide the formal information which contained the high information richness (displayed four company’s situation chart which including ‘Number of employees’, ‘Output’, ‘investment in new plant and machinery’, and ‘New product lines added’) (ibid). Although the feedback of this action might come slowly and seldom, according to Roillinson and Broadfield (2002:612) as long as the receiver understood the information, feedback was less important in the communication. The charts, which might help employees to understand the company’s operation and their contribution to the company, leaded to hard working performance of employees (Roillinson and Broadfield, 2002:626). As a result, it improved communication with company and employees that not only improved the employees’ motivation but also might offer a significant assistant in company’s next expansion. Many multinational corporations had the same communication barriers as the Luxor Company, during the processes of taking collaborative advantage (Hansen and Nohria, 2004: 22). Nowadays, increasing international competition lead the company, for instance, Exxon Mobil, BP, Shell and ChevronTexaco (multinational corporations) were losing their dominant position than before. To recover the position and to increase the profit, they were willing to seek a new source, where collaboration might work, to increase the competitive advantage (ibid). Hansen and Nohria (2004:23) claimed that collaboration had several benefits: decreased the cost, better decision making, increased the revenue, be more creative, and enhanced the connection with its subsidiaries. During the processes of taking collaborative advantage, there was a significant barrier called: ‘Inability to work together and transfer knowledge’, which Hansen and Nohria considered it as a communication barrier (ibid). The employees from different subsidiaries which belonged to different countries, suffering the language barrier (language different) and intercultural barrier (message changed because of local culture) (ibid). According to Williams (1991, cited in Smith, 1991:117), the MNCs often had external communication barriers, which indicated as personality (culture different) influence the understanding and acceptance of the message and the message had been distorted (translate language) during the transfer. After a survey from supervisors, the companies decided to operate two actions to encourage the communication: First, setting an international standard of technologies words to conquer the communication. Second, setting an employee-exchange-program that employee could understand the culture different and improve the work efficiency. With reference to Rollinson and Broadfield (2002:617) theory, the first solution settled the encode and decode barriers, while second solution was choosing the ‘channel’, which was exchanged the employees to other subsidiaries, to increase the understanding and to solve the distortion barriers. To conclude, this essay has identified the communication in the workplace which included the communication barriers in the organization and purpose of communication, follow with three case studies about communication barriers, which including first, Bernard Matthews farms developed internal and external stakeholder by communication to rescue the loss position, second, the Luxor Company’s communicational-bias-further-development, third, communication helped multinational corporations to develop collaborative. As a result, communication in the workplace is critical important. However, the limitation of this essay still existed, the communication barriers identified not enough in this essay and the case study of this essay might be fewer representatives of the communication barriers. Words: 1616 Reference Antony, F. and MacVicar, A. (2011). Contemporary Organisation Behaviour. New York: McGraw-Hill. Argyris, Chris (1994). Good Communication That Block Leaning. Harvard Business Review, July-August, 1994, 77-85. Conrad, C. C. and Poole, M. S. (2012). Strategic Organizational Communication: In a Global Economy. U. K. : John Wiley and Sons. Coulson-Thomas, C. (1997). The Future of the Organization: Achieving Excellence through Business Transformation. London: Kogan Page. Dekay, S. H. (2012). Interpersonal communication in the workplace: A Largely Unexplored Region. Business Communication Quarterly, 75 (4), 449-452. Hansen, M. T. and Nohria, N. (2004), How to Build Collaborative Advantage. MIT Sloan Management Review, Fall, 46, 1, 22-30, 2004. Hodge, B. J. and Johnson, H. J. (1970). Management and Organizational Behavior: A Multidimensional Approach. United States of America: John Wiley and Sons. O’Reilly, C. A. and Pondy, L. R. (1979). Organizational Communication. Columbus HO: Grid Rollinson, D. with Broadfield, A. (2002). Organisational Behaviour and Analysis: An Integrated Approach. London: Pearson Education. Smith, M. (1991). Analysing Organization Behavior. London: Macmillan Education. The Times 100 Business Case Studies. (2012). Communication with stakeholders: A Bernard Matthews case study. Retrieved October 28th, 2012 from: http://businesscasestudies. co. uk/bernard-matthews /communicating-with-stakeholders/

Preposition near Doesnt Need a to

Preposition near Doesnt Need a to Preposition near Doesnt Need a to Preposition near Doesnt Need a to By Maeve Maddox Daniel writes: The expression â€Å"near to X, Y, or Z† is becoming prevalent, even in the Times (of London).   Whats wrong with â€Å"near†?   Is there any linguistic ammunition that can be fired in the direction of this misuse? The question comes from England and most of the â€Å"near to† examples I found by cruising the web I found on British sites: There are [sic] a distinct lack of pubs near to the ground (sports field) as it is built away from other buildings. the pub is near to the junction with the A34 The church is near to Charing Cross, Waterloo and Blackfriars stations. This caption is the only â€Å"near to† I was able to find for the US: Panorama from the lawn behind Living Stones Church near to Kailua-Kona. Hawaiian tourist site. Plenty examples of near without the unnecessary â€Å"to† are to be found on British sites: Saint Marys Church in the hollow of the white hazel near a rapid whirlpool and the Church of St. Tysilio of the red cave. information about St Cwyfans Church, near Aberffraw Wembley Arena Hotels offers great rates on over 50 hotels near Wembley Arena. American usage definitely favors near without a â€Å"to†: Other attractions near our Houston, Texas hotel include Situated near some of the most recognizable landmarks in Washington DC, this hotel provides easy access to renowned monuments, Patent attorneys located near the US Patent Office People visiting the Little Rock area can find several hotels near Verizon Arena that offer suite accommodations. The adverb nearby sometimes gets lumbered with â€Å"to.† In this example the preposition is used without the extra word, but the adverb gets a â€Å"to†: Nearby to the pub is the hidden 13th century church of St John the Baptist the most isolated church in Surrey. The pub is near the T-junction at the top. Not everyone sees the tacked-on â€Å"to† as an error. I came across this â€Å"tip† on an ESL site: Use the preposition near with or without to for the same meaning. Ex. He lives near (to) the bank. My friends play soccer near (to) my office building. Adding a â€Å"to† after the preposition is grammatically unnecessary. Nothing is lost by dropping the â€Å"to† in the following examples: the pub is near the junction with the A34 The church is near Charing Cross Can it be a regional thing? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Program vs. ProgrammeWriting the Century20 Slang Terms for Law Enforcement Personnel

History vietnam war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History vietnam war - Essay Example His sole aim was to free the country from the foreign occupation. His headquarters were in a cave in northern Vietnam. He gained popular support soon, and on 2-9-1945, he declared the establishment of an independent Vietnam with a new government named as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The French fought back, with determination to retain the territory. Ho was with the US in the initial stages for strategic reasons. He supplied intelligence input to them about the Japanese during World War II. He wanted the US support against the French. But to challenge and contain the spread of Communism was the main goal of the US, as part of its international policy. So Ho’s strategy to get aligned with US, did not work, as US feared about the Communist influence on Vietnam. It supported the French. It sent military aid to the France to defeat Ho in the year 1950. In 1954, the French suffered a massive defeat at Dien Bien Phu, and decided to pullout from the soil of Vietnam. The ceasefi re would follow the temporary division of Vietnam, amongst the communist and non-communist supporters. A general election would be held in 1956 to reunite the country and bring it under one government.

Global Industries essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Global Industries - Essay Example According to his analysis the funds represent a small fraction of the U.S.-managed fund industry, but despite this their net assets grew by 262% from 1998 to 2005, compared to a 10.8% increase in U.S. high-yield bond funds. There was significant public attention but academic research did not give much attention to the emerging market bond funds. So did the Pension Fund Manager who also did not pay proper attention to this fund. I would have gone deeper in my research as Pension Fund Manager and would take correct and patient decision before shifting from the fund. I would also for a diversified fund investment rather than concentrating on single fund and suffering. Similarly if we study carefully the Lazard's Emerging Market Equity Market Returns annually from 1993 to 2008 we can note of certain emerging markets doing very well. In 1997 Turkey, Hungry and Mexico returned more that 50% from the equity market. In 1998 Korea and Greece returned more than 50%; in 1999 Russia and Turkey returned more than 200% % and Indonesia, India and Korea returned more than 75% from this market. 2000 was a poor market but from 2001 the equity market again started looking up. By 2002 the return was very lucrative: Pakistan returning 150% and Check Republic and Indonesia returning about 40% and above. Minimum five important emerging markets continued yielding sound returns till 2007 The main problem concerns about reading the market trends correctly and selecting the target market with the help of proven experts in the market. Perhaps the Pension Manager could not foresee the correct trends in the market and his decision about investment yielded losses. In 2003 the loss incurred was due to wrong reshuffling of his portfolio to US Treasury Bills for two years and Treasury notes yielding only 1% to 3% return. This is period when many of emerging markets Equity funds in Thailand, China, India, Colombia, Egypt, Argentina, Brazil equities funds achieved fabulous results with more than 70% to 140% returns. Wonderfully his decision to go back to equities again was taken in 2007, which was the marginal year for the financial markets. From 2008 the world financial market collapsed and caused losses to each and every one including the emerging markets. Emerging Market Equity Returns 2008 The new Pension fund manager obviously has a great responsibility to earn minimum 7-8% on the investment and satisfy the employee representative on the board who is risk averse and very much concerned that the pension will have enough funds available for retirees. 1. What is your position on future growth of the US over the next 5 years, 10 years and 20 yearsAmerica's Wall Street has been the financial center of the world for decades. "When Wall Street sneezes, the rest of the world catches a cold." In such a financial scenario there is need to examine the American financial market and its future. The current market is already depressed and the depression has been rated by most of experts equal to or more than the depression of the 1930s. 30s depression lasted for about a decade with intermittent recovery for brief period. The recession of 2008 also is likely to extend for a decade at least. US Recession The dollar slumped to a 15 year low against 6 of

Kertas kerja seminar menangani

Kertas kerja seminar menangani Pendahuluan Gejala sosial sudah menjadi semacam satu fenomena dalam dunia moden. Cendiakawan Barat sudah mula membezakan masalah sosial zaman kontemporari berbanding dengan zaman sebelumnya. Bahkan sudah ada kursus di universiti Barat yang bertajuk Contemporary Sosial Problems (Masalah Sosial Kontemporari). Ini menunjukkan bahawa terdapat semacam satu peralihan dan perubahan dalam masalah-masalah yang berkaitan dengan gejala sosial sama ada bentuknya, trend, punca dan implikasinya kepada sesebuah masyarakat dan negara. Gejala sosial pula menjadi semakin berkembang ruang lingkupnya. Gejala sosial menjadi semakin rencam dan pelbagai. Ia seperti duri dalam daging bagi masyarakat. Kita bersedih kerana ia banyak melibatkan generasi muda kita yang merupakan bakal pewaris kepimpinan negara. Rempuhan globalisasi negatif dan pengaruh modenisme memungkinkan masalah dan gejala sosial menjadi semakin kritikal ditambah dengan faktor sikap, pembudayaan budaya berhibur yang menggalakkan percampuran bebas yang keterlaluan, kurangnya penekanan kepada aspek keutuhan kecemerlangan sahsiah dan kerohanian, kekeliruan pemahaman dalam aspek nilai (aksiologi), kerendahan jatidiri, kurang semangat patriotisme, kurangnya langkah-langkah pencegahan, penguatkuasaan undang-undang dan peraturan yang masih longgar dan kurangnya kesedaran diri, pengabaian tanggungjawab keibubapaan serta pengaruh rakan adalah di antara faktor mengapa gejala sosial menjadi semakin mengancam. Definisi Gejala Sosial Gejala sosial ataupun masalah sosial (social problem) adalah satu aktiviti atau perlakuan (perbuatan) yang membabitkan perlakuan atau tindakan negatif yang menjejaskan kredibiliti dan maruah diri, keluarga, komuniti, masyarakat, agama dan masyarakat, bertentangan dengan norma dan nilai ketimuran masyarakat, bertentangan dengan ajaran agama dan undang-undang negara, merugikan masyarakat dan negara, serta menyimpang daripada keluhuran dan kedaulatan undang-undang, peraturan dan ajaran agama. Di Malaysia, gejala sosial atau masalah sosial bolehlah dianggap sebagai satu fenomena yang tidak berkesudahan seandainya tiada langkah-langkah tegas dan drastik yang diambil untuk mengatasinya. Ada perlakuan gejala sosial yang tidak disifatkan sebagai jenayah seperti melepak dan membuang masa. Contoh-contoh Gejala Sosial Yang Berkaitan Dengan Agama Islam Gejala atau masalah sosial yang berkaitan dengan tingkah laku sosial negatif dan menyimpang serta kesalahan keagamaan boleh dibahagikan kepada: berkaitan dengan tingkah laku negatif atau perlanggaran nilai Islam berkaitan dengan aqidah berkaitan dengan kemurnian agama atau institusi keagamaan berkaitan dengan ketatasusilaan Di antara gejala sosial ataupun jenayah (agama) yang berkaitan dengan aqidah ialah seperti melakukan perbuatan dengan apa cara sekalipun yang dikatakan berkaitan dengan ajaran Islam sedangkan ia bukanlah daripada ajaran Islam, pemujaan atau penyajian kepada selain daripada Allah s.w.t., mengaku sebagai bukan Islam, mengishtiharkan diri sebagai Nabi, Rasul, Wali ataupun Imam Mahdi, tidak percaya orang Islam sebagai orang Islam dan mengkafirkan orang Islam. Pengaruh gejala sosial ini boleh menjejaskan aqidah individu dan orang yang terpengaruh dengannya. Terdapat negeri yang membicarakan kes-kes di bawah Enakmen Jenayah Syariah[2] seperti berikut: baring diriba atau celah kangkang pasangan mencium atau berkucupan berpeluk atau berpelukan memasukkan tangan atau saling memasukkan ke dalam pakaian pasangan masing-masing Ini adalah satu langkah yang bijak bagi membendung budaya mendekati zina. Kesalahan-kesalahan yang berkaitan keluhuran agama Islam dan ajarannya, contohnya adalah seperti menghina agama Islam atau menyebabkan ia dihina, mempersendakan agama Islam, merosakkan masjid atau surau, menghina pihak berkuasa agama, menyebarkan pendapat yang bertentangan dengan fatwa, mengajar agama tanpa tauliah, menyebarkan dokumen yang bertentangan dengan syarak, berjudi, penggunaan yang berkaitan arak, tidak tunai solat Jumaat 3 kali berturut-turut tanpa sebab munasabah, enggan bayar zakat, sumbang mahram, aktiviti pelacuran, bertindak sebagai bapa ayam atau ibu ayam, persetubuhan luar nikah, persediaan persetubuhan luar nikah, persetubuhan sejenis, persetubuhan dengan binatang, khalwat, menyerupai lain jantina dalam pakaian. Perangkaan Jenayah dan Gejala Sosial di Malaysia Bagi tahun 1997 hingga 2003 di seluruh negara, telah tercatat statistik jenayah keganasan melibatkan rogol (sebanyak 9,878 kes), kecederaan kepada manusia (35,358 kes), samun bersenjata api (4124 kes), samun tanpa senjata api (73,031 kes), samun berkawan bersenjata api (7 kes), samun berkawan tanpa senjata api (10,948 kes), samun berkawan bersenjata api (453 kes), cubaan membunuh (407 kes) dan bunuh (3997 kes).[3] Jenayah harta benda bagi tahun 1997 hingga 2003 di seluruh negara pula mencatatkan curi motosikal (295,942 kes), curi kereta (46,979 kes), curi lori/van (25,990 kes), pecah rumah dan curi waktu malam (156,284 kes), pecah rumah dan curi waktu siang (55,902 kes) serta lain-lain jenis jenayah mencuri (307,974 kes). Kategori lain-lain jenayah mencuri daripada tahun 1997 hingga 1999 termasuk jenayah ragut.[4] Bermula tahun 2000 hingga tahun 2003 sahaja, jenayah ragut berjumlah 59,888 kes.[5] Pihak Polis Diraja Malaysia telah menyelesaikan sebanyak 360,360 kes yang melibatkan jenayah keganasan dan hartabenda (jenayah indeks) bermula daripada tahun 1997 hingga tahun 2003.[6] Pihak Polis patut diberikan pujian kerana berjaya menyelesaikan masalah jenayah ini. Walaupun demikian, perangkaan jenayah indeks cukup merisaukan kita. Apakah sebab-sebab berlakunya sedemikian banyak kejadian jenayah? Apakah masyarakat kita sudah lagi hilang nilai murni keagamaan yang mengawal diri dan perbuatan kita atau kurangnya kesedaran mengenai langkah-langkah pencegahan? Bagi jenayah bukan indeks, bermula tahun 1997 hingga bulan Ogos 2003 sebanyak 13, 588 kes pecah amanah jenayah telah berlaku, penipuan (27, 682 kes), pemalsuan (2,299 kes), wang palsu (661 kes), kad kredit (960 kes), jenayah siber (3,621 kes, bermula tahun 2000), hacking (penggodaman internet) (2 kes, bermula 2003), akta hakcipta (976 kes, bermula 2000), akta penapisan filem (4,968 kes, bermula tahun 2000), lain-lain agensi kerajaan (2,256 kes, bermula tahun 2000) dan lain-lain jenayah perdagangan (8959 kes).[7] Rampasan Narkotik Dadah (penyalahgunaan) adalah musuh nombor satu negara. Kes-kes narkotik yang melibatkan rampasan oleh pihak Polis Diraja Malaysia menunjukkan peningkatan keberjayaan dari segi statistik. Namun statistik yang akan dipaparkan menunjukkan peningkatan aktiviti pengedaran dadah dan narkotik. Ubat batuk mencatatkan rampasan kuantiti terbanyak manakala dadah berbentuk pil (berbiji) terbanyak ialah pil psikotropi. Bermula daripada tahun 1998 hingga bulan Mac 2004 sebanyak 184.54kg heroin base telah dirampas di bawah Akta Dadah Berbahaya 1952, heroin no. 3 (1321.18kg), heroin no. 4 (5kg), ganja (10,889.44kg), kokain (51.801kg), syabu (323.52kg), ectasy (734,805 biji), ectasy kg. (176.45 kg), ketamin (102.35kg), erimin 5 (1,165,043 biji), yaba (154,095 biji), black sesame (8500 biji), pil psikotropi (3,398,752 biji), ubat batuk (111,191.40 liter), morfin (0kg), candu mentah (233.97kg) dan candu masak (12,496kg).[8] Pil-pil mudah sorok seperti Erimin 5, Ectasy dan pil psikotropi cukup mudah diedarkan dan agak sukar dikesan oleh pihak berkuasa. Punca Gejala Sosial atau Masalah Sosial Dalam era globalisasi dan kepesatan teknologi maklumat, nilai-nilai Barat yang negatif dan bertentangan dengan Islam dengan senang dapat menular dan mempengaruhi umat Islam. Ditambah pula dengan lemahnya iman dan kekurangan kekuatan jatidiri, individu Islam dengan mudah akan terpikat dan terikut-ikut dengan godaan syaitan dan runtunan nafsu syahwat. Sikap yang memandang remeh kepada masalah besar seperti gejala sosial boleh mengundang padah. Budaya berhibur yang keterlaluan (entertainment culture) dan budaya hedonisme (berseronok) yang merupakan di antara faktor kejatuhan tamadun Greek boleh meruntuhkan tamadun Melayu Islam. Kita mesti berasa risau dengan gejala sosial, takut-takut Allah akan menghancur binasakan kesemua kita. Firman Allah s.w.t.: Yang bermaksud: Dan apabila sampai tempoh kami hendak membinasakan penduduk sesebuah negeri, kami perintahkan (lebih dahulu) orang-orang yang melampau dengan kemewahan antara mereka (supaya taat) lalu mereka menderhaka dan melakukan maksiat padanya, maka berhaklah negeri itu dibinasakan, lalu kami menghancurkannya sehancur-hancurnya.[9] Pelan bertindak dan strategi yang rapi serta tindakan yang berterusan perlu diambil dalam usaha untuk menangani fenomena gejala sosial di kalangan masyarakat. Kerajaan, pihak berwajib, pemimpin, masyarakat, guru dan pensyarah, ibu bapa dan setiap individu perlu memainkan peranan untuk menangani permasalahan ini. Ibu bapa yang tidak memantau dan mengambil berat perkembangan sosial anak-anak adalah di antara punca utama mengapa remaja kita mudah terjebak dalam gejala sosial.[10] Ibubapa yang terlalu mengikut kehendak anak-anak hingga dibiarkan bebas boleh menyebabkan anak berada di luar daripada kawalan dan bertindak di luar daripada batasan agama. Banyak gejala sosial yang berkait rapat dengan kurangnya pengawasan dan kawalan terhadap kehendak dan perbuatan anak-anak. Selepas ibubapa berusaha untuk kecemerlangan akademik dan sahsiah anak-anak, ibubapa perlulah berdoa dan bertawakkal serta berserah diri kepada Allah s.w.t.. Nabi Luth pernah berdoa untuk keluarganya. Firman Allah s.w.t.: Nabi Lut berdoa): Wahai Tuhanku, selamatkanlah daku dan keluarga serta pengikut-pengikutku dari apa yang dilakukan oleh golongan (yang jahat) itu. Maka kami selamatkan dia dan keluarganya serta pengikut-pengikutnya semua.[11] Persoalan sikap anak-anak kita banyak berpunca daripada didikan keagamaan dan kerohanian yang tidak seimbang di antara tuntutan duniawi dan ukhrawi. Salah faham terhadap konsep kebebasan di kalangan anak-anak dan ibu bapa banyak mempengaruhi faktor kepada meruncingnya gejala sosial. Konsep kebebasan Barat perlulah digantikan dengan konsep kebebasan Islam. Ibubapa yang sayang kepada anak-anaknya adalah mereka yang menjaga, mendidik, mengasuh dan memberi pendidikan yang sewajarnya kepada anak-anak. Firman Allah s.w.t.: (Limpah kurnia yang besar) itulah yang Allah gembirakan (dengannya): hamba-hambaNya yang beriman dan beramal soleh. Katakanlah (wahai Muhammad): Aku tidak meminta kepada kamu sebarang upah tentang ajaran Islam yang aku sampaikan itu, (yang aku minta) hanyalah kasih mesra (kamu terhadapku) disebabkan pertalian kerabat (yang menghubungkan daku dengan kamu supaya aku tidak disakiti). Dan sesiapa yang mengerjakan sesuatu perkara yang baik, Kami tambahi kebaikan baginya (dengan menggandakan pahala) kebaikannya itu. Sesungguhnya Allah Maha Pengampun, lagi sentiasa membalas dengan sebaik-baiknya (akan orang-orang yang bersyukur kepadaNya).[12] Ibu bapa dan anak-anak yang tidak memahami tanggungjawab masing-masing adalah juga faktor kepada kemunculan gejala sosial. Ibubapa dan anak-anak yang terlalu individualistik dan materialistik terlupa akan tanggungjawab dan amanah yang ditanggung oleh mereka. Ingatlah kepada firman Allah s.w.t.: Katakanlah (wahai Muhammad): Jika bapa-bapa kamu, dan anak-anak kamu, dan saudara-saudara kamu, dan isteri-isteri (atau suami-suami) kamu, dan kaum keluarga kamu, dan harta benda yang kamu usahakan, dan perniagaan yang kamu bimbang akan merosot, dan rumah-rumah tempat tinggal yang kamu sukai, (jika semuanya itu) menjadi perkara-perkara yang kamu cintai lebih daripada Allah dan RasulNya dan (daripada) berjihad untuk ugamaNya, maka tunggulah sehingga Allah mendatangkan keputusanNya (azab seksaNya); kerana Allah tidak akan memberi petunjuk kepada orang-orang yang fasik (derhaka).[13] Pendidikan keagamaan kepada anak-anak harus ditekankan pada peringkat awalan lagi dan dijalankan pemantauan ke atas tingkah laku dan akhlak anak-anak. Ibubapa mempunyai peranan besar dalam membendung gejala sosial di peringkat keluarga. Pendidikan aqidah adalah di antara perkara yang mesti diutamakan sepertimana nasihat Luqman Al-Hakim kepada anaknya. Firman Allah s.w.t.: Yang bermaksud: Ketikamana Luqman berkata kepada anaknya sambil berpesan, wahai anakku janganlah engkau mempersekutukan Allah (dengan sesuatu yang lain) kerana sesungguhnya perbuatan syirik itu merupakan kezaliman yang sangat besar. Dan Kami wajibkan manusia berbuat baik kepada ibubapanya; ibunya telah mengandungnya dengan kelemahan demi kelemahan (dari awal mengandung hingga akhir menyusukannya), dan tempoh menceraikan susunya ialah dalam masa dua tahun; (dengan yang demikian) bersyukurlah kepadaKu dan kepada kedua ibubapamu; dan (ingatlah), kepada Akulah jua tempat kembali (untuk menerima balasan).[14] Anak-anak mestilah diajar dan membiasakan diri bersembahyang kerana solat itu dapat mencegah daripada perbuatan keji dan mungkar. Sembahyang adalah tiang agama. Orang yang tidak bersembahyang meruntuhkan agama. Pokoknya sembahyang itu akan dapat mencegah seseorang daripada terlibat dengan gejala sosial. Jika telah bersembahyangpun masih lagi terlibat dengan gejala sosial, maka seseorang perlu bermuhasabah dan memperbaiki sembahyangnya. Firman Allah s.w.t.: yang bermaksud: Dan perintahkanlah keluargamu serta umatmu mengerjakan sembahyang, dan hendaklah engkau tekun bersabar menunaikannya. Kami tidak meminta rezeki kepadamu, (bahkan) Kamilah yang memberi rezeki kepadamu. Dan (ingatlah) kesudahan yang baik adalah bagi orang-orang yang bertaqwa.[15] Sabda Nabi Muhammad s.a.w.: Bermaksud: Serulah anak-anak kamu bersembahyang apabila mereka mencapai umur tujuh tahun dan pukullah mereka (dengan tujuan mendidik) apabila mereka mencecah umur sepuluh tahun.[16] Konflik, keretakan dan krisis rumahtangga boleh menyebabkan anak-anak menjadi mangsa. Keluarga yang tidak harmoni dan tidak berpegang teguh kepada agama boleh menjadi penyumbang kepada peningkatan kadar gejala sosial. Anak-anak yang tiada tempat mengadu dan bergantung akan bertindak sendiri dan mencari jalan keluar daripada sesuatu masalah dengan tidak menimbang-nimbang dengan sewajarnya. Perselisihan faham antara anak dengan ibu bapa ataupun sesama ibu dan bapa juga menyumbang kepada masalah gejala sosial kerana anak-anak akan lari daripada rumah dan mencari orang yang boleh diluahkan perasaan. Kadang-kadang anak-anak akan mencari jalan keluar yang mudah untuk menyelesaikan masalah dengan mengambil dadah, arak dan seumpamanya.[17] Perselisihan faham anak dengan ibubapa adalah antara sebab utama kenapa anak lari daripada rumah dan kemudiannya akan timbul masalah-masalah lain yang berkaitan. Keluarga yang selalu berlaku perselisihan faham akan mengundang masalah yang lebih kritikal. Ibu bapa yang selalu bergaduh di hadapan anak-anak akan memberikan contoh yang negatif kepada anak-anak.[18] Penolakan yang tidak berhikmah akan teman lelaki anak-anak adalah di antara faktor kenapa anak-anak perempuan lari daripada rumah dan seterusnya mengambil tindakan yang melulu. Adalah elok diperbincangkan di peringkat keluarga dari hati ke hati sekiranya anak-anak sudah mempunyai kemampuan, persediaan dan kehendak untuk berumahtangga. Proses globalisasi negatif telah merobah nilai dan budaya hidup umat Islam. Kebebasan yang keterlaluan yang diberikan kepada anak-anak muda kita telah disalahgunakan. Hiburan terlalu dipentingkan dan dibudayakan hingga hilangnya pengagungan terhadap budaya pembelajaran (learning culture) dan budaya ilmu (knowledge culture). Anak-anak muda sanggup mencari wang berpuluh ringgit untuk berhibur, akan tetapi berapa ramai yang sanggup menghabiskan wang untuk tujuan pengajian dan pembelajaran? Ada tanda-tanda kehendak masyarakat Islam kepada pendidikan Islam terutamanya peningkatan jumlah institusi pendidikan Islam. Ini adalah satu titik peralihan yang memberangsangkan. Alangkah baiknya seandainya ruh dan semangat daripada tarbiyyah dan tadib itu menyerap dalam diri remaja kita. Kekuatan jati diri dengan nilai-nilai murni keagamaan, keimanan dan ketaqwaan boleh menjadi benteng kepada para remaja dan masyarakat kita daripada terjebak daripada gejala-gejala yang tidak sihat. Konsep ihsan (Bahawa kamu menyembah Allah seolah-olah Allah melihat kamu, seandainya kamu tidak melihat Allah, akan tetapi Allah melihat kamu) adalah manifestasi daripada kekuatan jatidiri yang mampu menangkis ancaman gejala sosial. Kerapuhan dan keruntuhan institusi kekeluargaan banyak menyumbang kepada kejadian gejala sosial yang berlaku. Kurangnya pengetahuan tentang ilmu keibubapaan dan psikologi serta pengabaian tanggungjawab keibubapaan juga menyumbang kepada kemunculan gejala sosial. Hambatan dan tumpuan kepada materialistik hingga mengabaikan perhatian, kawalan, pemantauan dan pendidikan terhadap anak-anak kerap menyumbang kepada meningkatnya gejala sosial di kalangan remaja. Keretakan hubungan suami isteri dan kerenggangan ibu bapa dengan anak-anak juga turut menyumbang kepada peningkatan jumlah remaja yang terlibat dengan gejala-gejala negatif. Budaya Dekati Zina Allah s.w.t. telah mengetahui tentang perbuatan-perbuatan yang boleh menjurus ke arah berlakunya zina. Sebab itu Allah s.w.t. mengharamkan budaya dekati zina. Firman Allah s.w.t.: Dan janganlah kamu menghampiri zina, sesungguhnya zina itu adalah satu perbuatan yang keji dan satu jalan yang jahat (yang membawa kerosakan).[19] Hukuman terhadap zina walaupun kelihatan berat, sebenarnya ia banyak mengandungi unsur pencegahan dan pengajaran untuk yang terlibat dan kesemua anggota masyarakat. Firman Allah s.w.t.: Perempuan yang berzina dan lelaki yang berzina, hendaklah kamu sebat tiap-tiap seorang dari keduanya seratus kali sebat; dan janganlah kamu dipengaruhi oleh perasaan belas kasihan terhadap keduanya dalam menjalankan hukum ugama Allah, jika benar kamu beriman kepada Allah dan hari akhirat; dan hendaklah disaksikan hukuman seksa yang dikenakan kepada mereka itu oleh sekumpulan dari orang-orang yang beriman.[20] Mengatasi dan Menangani Gejala Sosial: Tanggungjawab Bersama Pembenterasan gejala sosial adalah tanggungjawab semua pihak dan bukan sahaja kerajaan. Komitmen semua pihak diperlukan bagi mengwujudkan satu tindakan bersepadu sesama agensi-agensi kerajaan dan masyarakat keseluruhannya. Janganlah ada sikap memandang ringan mengenai perkara ini. Gejala sosial ibarat penyakit, setiap penyakit ada penawarnya. Rasulullah s.a.w telah bersabda yang bermaksud: Bahawa Allah telah menurunkan penyakit dan ubat dan dijadikan kepada setiap penyakit ada ubatnya, berubatlah tetapi jangan berubat dengan benda-benda yang haram. (Riwayat Abu Daud) Pengenalpastian Masalah Dan Penubuhan Jawatankuasa Task Force Mengenalpasti masalah merupakan asas dalam penyelesaian masalah. Perlu diadakan satu kajian mendalam mengenai gejala sosial, punca-punca dan implikasi yang timbul daripadanya terhadap agama, bangsa dan negara. Satu jawatankuasa ad-hoc boleh ditubuhkan untuk memulakan dan menggerakkan usaha murni ini. Kajian ini boleh mengumpulkan maklumat yang sedia ada di Institusi Pengajian Tinggi Awam, Polis Diraja Malaysia, Jabatan Agama, kementerian ataupun agensi-agensi kerajaan. Kombinasi ini memungkinkan satu Pelan Tindakan yang komprehensif bagi menangani gejala dan masalah sosial. Dengan adanya data dan statistik, pengenalpastian masalah akan dapat menjejaki akar umbi masalah dan penyelesaian masalah dapat dilakukan segera. Dicadangkan agar ditubuhkan satu jawatankuasa task force daripada gabungan pelbagai agensi, kementerian, badan berkanun, NGO dan ahli akademik untuk tindakan pembenterasan yang lebih bersepadu dan komprehensif. Kadang-kadang tiada keseragaman dan pengelolaan yang jitu dalam menangani isu gejala sosial. Program Khidmat Negara dan Sukarelawan Al-Falah YADIM boleh dijadikan sebagai wadah untuk menampilkan juga pembentukan dan kemantapan sahsiah, emosi, mental dan fizikal agar seimbang dengan tuntutan rohani, agama dan jasmani di samping menanam sikap dan semangat patriotisme, nasionalisme dan jatidiri. Signifikan Pendidikan Strategi pendidikan secara dasarnya boleh menjadi asas untuk pembentukan akhlak generasi kita dan menyediakan suatu foundasi untuk pembentukan generasi beriman dan bertaqwa. Perlu dinilai semula kurikulum pendidikan Islam daripada peringkat rendah ke menengah dan tinggi dengan memasukkan elemen penyedaran mengenai masalah sosial yang menggugat agama, bangsa dan negara. Pembinaan kekuatan emosi, psikologi, keagamaan dan jati diri yang utuh mampu menjadi benteng daripada terjebak ke dalam kancah gejala sosial. Pengharmonian Persekitaran Sejauh mana dan selama mana seseorang Muslim dapat bertahan seandainya persekitaran itu sendiri semacam mengundang atau mempengaruhi seseorang individu itu untuk melakukan tindakan salah laku ataupun jenayah? Persekitaran yang kondusif dan bebas daripada ancaman gejala sosial dan maksiat perlu dibanteras selari dengan usaha pemantapan aqidah, iman dan taqwa. Jika tidak, usaha kita menangani gejala sosial ibarat orang yang menebas lalang, akan tetapi akar umbinya dibiarkan sahaja tumbuh dalam tanah. Akibatnya, lalang yang ditebas akan tumbuh semula seminggu kemudiannya. Maka perlulah diwujudkan persekitaran yang kondusif dan sifar-maksiat. Ibubapa Pembentuk Sahsiah dan Peribadi Anak-anak Ibubapa yang sebenarnya harus memainkan peranan awal dan memantau pendidikan anak-anak. Dalam Islam, anak-anak itu dilahirkan dalam keadaan suci bersih atas dasar fitrahnya. Penentuan dan hala tuju pegangan aqidah dan keberagamaan anak-anak itu ditentukan oleh hasil pendidikan yang diberikan oleh ibu bapa. Proses pendidikan pula bermula di rumah. Ibubapalah yang paling bertanggungjawab untuk membesarkan anak dengan tradisi keislaman di samping kecemerlangan akademik dan spirituil. Pengukuhan Agensi Penguatkuasaan dan Penggubalan Undang-undang Pelaksana dan penguatkuasaan undang-undang harus diteliti dan dipermantapkan semula. Agensi-agensi yang terlibat dengan aspek pelaksanaan, penguatkuasaan dan pemantauan harus memainkan peranan yang proaktif dan berterusan. Tindakan penguatkuasaan yang bermusim atau mengikut kemunculan isu tidak dapat memberi kesan yang positif yang berpanjangan. Apa yang perlu ialah tindakan pencegahan dan penguatkuasaan yang berterusan dan jangkaan masalah dan gejala sosial yang akan muncul bersama plan strategik jangka masa pendek dan jangka masa panjang. Untuk itu, penambahan anggota, latihan, kepakaran dan motivasi perlulah juga dititikberatkan. Unsur undang-undang yang bukan sahaja bersifat menghukum tetapi juga mencegah, mendidik dan memberi pengajaran kepada yang lain haruslah dipraktikkan. Penggubal undang-undang perlulah peka dengan kompleksiti dan isu gejala sosial yang berkembang dengan zaman. Undang-undang perlu diperketatkan dari masa ke semasa untuk mengelakkan sesuatu undang-undang itu dianggap tidak lagi mampu menangani atau mencegah masalah. Pengharaman pusat-pusat dan arked-arked permainan video adalah langkah menggalakkan dan proaktif oleh pihak kerajaan. Adalah diharapkan pusat atau kafe siber tidak lagi menempatkan computer yang boleh melibatkan permainan-permainan komputer (computer games) yang berunsur ganas, kejam dan lucah. Pihak Berkuasa Tempatan seperti Majlis Bandaran boleh memainkan peranan yang lebih proaktif dalam soal ini. Usaha yang lebih keras diperlukan demi untuk membasmi pelacuran. Kegiatan pelacuran yang bertopengkan peranan GRO (Guest Relationship Officer, Pegawai Perhubungan Pelanggan) di pusat-pusat hiburan (contohnya pusat karaoke) perlulah dibenteras segera. Rumah-rumah tumpangan dan hotel yang membenarkan pasangan yang bukan mahram mendudukinya perlulah dipantau dan diambil tindakan. Pusat-pusat hiburan yang membenarkan aktiviti dan budaya dekati zina, kebenaran remaja bawah umur memasukinya, penyediaan alkohol, dan dibuka melebihi waktu sebenar yang dibenarkan perlulah disita. Kerjasama pihak berkuasa air dan Tenaga Nasional serta polis dan Majlis Bandaran diperlukan untuk tujuan penyitaan. Potong sahaja bekalan air dan elektrik sekiranya mereka masih engkar perintah selepas diberikan amaran keras. Di pusat-pusat hiburan juga kebiasaannya kegiatan pengambilan pil narkotik berleluasa dan gejala gengsterismeserta kongsi gelap bermaharajalela. Penguatkuasaan undang-undang yang lebih tegas perlu diberikan kepada langkah-langkah pencegahan dan penyedaran. Penguatkuasaan dan pencegahan perlu diberikan dengan serius. Pihak penguatkuasaan Majlis Bandaran dan Jabatan Agama dan lain-lain agensi boleh diberi kuasa yang lebih. Usaha yang dijalankan dalam pembenterasan gejala sosial perlulah berterusan, kerap dan berkeseimbangan. Serbuan ke pusat hiburan, karaoke dan disko serta tempat tumbuh dan berkembangnya gejala sosial dan budaya dekati zina perlu lebih kerap dilakukan. Majlis Fatwa Kebangsaan telahpun mengisytiharkan aktiviti perjudian melalui SMS adalah haram disisi agama Islam kerana unsur penipuan. Maka segala aktiviti judi mengandungi unsur penipuan, maka ia tidak patut dibenarkan. Perlu ada tindakan tegas terhadap budaya pergaulan bebas, melepak dan membuang masa. Pergaulan bebas tanpa kawalan akan mudah terdorong kepada budaya dekati zina. Justeru, ibubapa boleh memainkan peranan memantau hubungan sosial anak-anak terutamanya pada peringkat remaja. Anak-anak kita juga perlukan perubahan sikap dan mentaliti. Janganlah terlalu terikut-ikut dengan cara pergaulan rakan-rakan yang menyimpang daripada kehendak agama. Majlis-majlis perbandaran dan agensi yang berkaitan boleh diberikan kuasa yang lebih untuk menangkap, menyaman dan memberikan khidmat penasihatan, bimbingan dan kaunseling kepada mereka yang terlibat dalam soal berpacaran atau berdua-duaan tanpa mahram. Terdapat Enakmen Jenayah Syariah Negeri yang memberi kuasa kepada pegawai penguatkuasa untuk memberikan surat amaran serta mengarahkan menghadiri kaunseling di pejabat-pejabat agama bagi pasangan-pasangan yang terlibat dalam salah laku-salah laku agama seperti duduk merangkul pasangan, duduk celah riba pasangan atau berjalan sambil merangkul pasangan yang bukan mahram. Terdapat juga Enakmen Jenayah Syariah Negeri (Selangor) yang memberi kuasa kepada pegawai penguatkuasa untuk manasihati dan mengarahkan pasangan yang bukan mahram beredar seperti kesalahan berjalan dengan tangan berada di bahu pasangan, saling suap menyuap, berpegangan tangan sambil duduk rapat-rapat, bergurau senda sehingga berlakunya sentuhan, duduk rapat-rapat dan berjalan berpegangan tangan. Peruntukan undang-undang sebegini adalah baik untuk mencegah budaya berpacaran dan budaya dekati zina dan sepatutnya diperluaskan di setiap negeri bersekali dengan penguatkuasaan yang berterusan dan intensif. Harus diingat penguatkuasaan ini bukan tertentu pada waktu malam sahaja bahkan waktu siang juga. Usaha pencegahan yang berunsur pendidikan perlu disebarkan melalui berbagai medium, media massa dan media eletronik. Strategi Pembangunan Manusia dan Fizikal Pemantapan aqidah dan akhlak perlu diberikan perhatian serius. Di samping itu kecemerlangan akademik anak-anak tidak diabaikan. Aktiviti rekreasi, masa senggang dan ko-kurikulum perlu diberikan perhatian oleh para remaja dan ibubapa. Kerajaan perlu mengwujudkan lebih banyak kemudahan sukan dan aktiviti waktu senggang untuk masyarakat untuk mengalihkan perhatian anggota muda masyarakat kepada aktiviti masa lapang yang bermanafaat dan berfaedah. Anak-anak perlu diajar dan selalu diperingatkan menunaikan titah perintah Allah s.w.t. dan meninggalkan laranganNya. Kita perlu melahirkan generasi yang takutkan Allah ketika bersendirian dan ketika berasa di khalayak ramai. Rasulullah s.a.w bersabda, maksudnya: Tiga perkara yang menyelamatkan , iaitu takut pada Allah ketika bersendirian dan di khalayak ramai, berlaku adil pada ketika suka dan marah, berjimat cermat ketika susah dan senang, dan tiga perkara yang membinasakan iaitu mengikut hawa nafsu, terlampau bakhil dan kagum seseorang dengan dirinya sendiri. Pihak berwajib perlu melihat keseimbangan kemajuan dan pembangunan insan dalam aspek-aspek pembangunan rohani, jasmani, emosi, fizikal, mental dan spirituil. Pemahaman Konsep Sebaik-baik Ummah Dan al-Amr bi al-Maruf wa al-Nahy an al-Munkar (Menyuruh Berbuat Kebaikan dan Mencegah Kemungkaran) Kesedaran dan praktik ini perlu ada pada setiap individu, anggota masyarakat dan juga pihak berkuasa. Masyarakat haruslah mempunyai sensitiviti dan kepekaan terhadap hal ehwal yang berlaku di sekeliling mereka. Sensitiviti dan kepekaan ini dijelmakan pula dalam diri sendiri, rumah tangga dan keluarga. Elakkan sikap mementingkan diri sendiri. Konsep ini merupakan payung kepada tindakan, perbuatan dan perlakuan individu. Firman Allah s.w.t.: Yang bermaksud: Kamu (wahai umat Muhammad) adalah sebaik-baik umat yang dilahirkan bagi (faedah) umat manusia, (kerana) kamu menyuruh berbuat segala perkara yang baik dan melarang daripada segala perkara yang salah (buruk dan keji), serta kamu pula beriman kepada Allah (dengan sebenar-benar iman).[21] Kesedaran dan Tanggungjawab Masyarakat Untuk melakukan usaha pencegahan dan pembenterasan gejala sosial, peranan yang dimainkan oleh ketua dan kelompok masyarakat adalah di antara perkara utama. Semangat bekerjasama dan tolong menolong (esprit de corp) antara sesama ahli komuniti patut diwujudkan dalam usaha menegakkan kebenaran dan ketaqwaan serta mencegah kemungkaran. Rasa, sikap, tindakan dan semangat bertanggung jawab bersama harus dipupuk untuk mengwujudkan suasana sifar-maksiat (sekiranya memungkinkan) sama ada di peringkat kampung, taman perumahan, daerah, wilayah dan sebagainya. Usaha ini boleh digerakkan dengan kerjasama agensi-agensi kerajaan dan penguatkuasaan, ibu bapa, guru, individu, masyarakat dan sebagainya. Sabda Nabi Muhammad s.a.w.: Yang bermaksud: Seseorang mukmin bagi mukmin yang lain ibarat sebuah binaan, saling sokong menyokong di antara satu sama lain dan Rasulallah s.a.w. mengisyaratkan dengan menyilangkan antara jari jemari baginda.[22] Tindakan menangani gejala sosial mestilah disegerakan dengan kapasiti dan kemampuan yang ada. Agensi-agensi kerajaan dan semua pihak boleh berpadu tenaga bekerjasama (cross-departmental cooperation) membenteras masalah ini. Kerajaan, agensi-agensi pelaksanaan dan penguatkuasaan undang-undang, pihak berwajib, guru dan pensyarah, pakar dalam bidang berkaitan dan penyelidik, ketua masyarakat dan masyarakat serta ibu bapa, masing-masing mempunyai peranan yang tersendiri. Pusat Pembangunan dan Kemajuan Sosial Masjid-masjid boleh dijadikan sebagai tempat untuk membendung gejala sosial. Khutbah Jumaat adalah wadah yang baik untuk menyampaikan mesej pencegahan gejala sosial. Kempen-kempen mengenai kesedaran gejala sosial boleh diketengahkan sama ada melalui masjid, jawatankuasa taman perumahan, Jawatan Kuasa Keselamatan dan Kemajuan Kampong dan seumpamanya. Imam, Bilal, Nazir, AJK masjid, AJK JKKK, ketua kampong dan lain-lain boleh memainkan peranan proaktif untuk mengatasi masalah gejala sosial. Perangkaan gejala sosial boleh dikumpulkan di peringkat bawah untuk mengetahui jumlah sebenar sebelum langkah-langkah seterusnya diambil. Maka dicadangkan agar diwujudkan pusat-pusat pembangunan dan kemajuan sosial di ma

Crash Human Nature Essay

* Human nature is The general psychological characteristics, feelings, and behavioural traits of humankind, regarded as shared by all humans. * Crash directed by Paul Haggis presents to us an intertwining story set within the streets of LA, confirming and challenging racial stereotypes and at the same time reflecting the ever existing good and dark side of human nature. * Human nature drives us all to view â€Å"the other† as bad, evil and untrustworthy, it is complex and every man, despite differences holds the underlying values buried deep into our subconsciousness * In the film crash, Haggis has successfully portrayed the truth about human nature through the conventions of dialogue, camera shot and symbolism, confusing us as viewers, but also giving us an intruging insight into the reality of each and every one of us despite differences in race and background. * Haggis has successfully evoked feelings of uneasiness, confusion, anger and empathy at through the making of the film crash. * Human nature drives us to fear the unknown, the â€Å"other† in our eyes is seen as evil and that we should steer away from any communication. It may be in relation to race, ethnicity, age, gender or beliefs but in reality each one of us does not have the ability to fight this automatic discrimination against those who are different. * Haggis has successfully reflected this dark aspect of human nature through the convention of dialogue. * In one scene a Persian man is attempting to purchase a gun from a white American. The salesman calls the man â€Å"osama† and then continues to talk about 9/11, he then is aggressively told to leave the shop. * The white American man displays his fear of â€Å"the other† by racially discriminating him through his dialogue, he has his own racist, stereotypical image of this man in his mind automatically relating him to 9/11 and due to his human nature sees him as â€Å"the other† and as untrustworthy to be in his shop telling him he â€Å"has no right to buy a gun here† * In another scene a Hispanic locksmith is changing a white American couples locks on their door after their car had been hijacked. The American woman makes assumptions that this locksmith is going to sell their key to his â€Å"homies† purely because of the way he looks and his race and demands to get her locks changed again in the morning. * The American woman views the locksmith as â€Å"the other† and due to her human nature she fears him, and does not trust him to be in her house. Her judgement is not on personality or individual traits it is based upon the automatic assumptions she makes about him due to his tattoos, dress sense and skin colour. Little does she know that the Hispanic locksmith was in many eyes the only character in crash seen as completely innocent, but due to her ignorance she believed the opposite. * Through dialogue Haggis has successfully positioned the viewer to feel anger at both of these scenarios and causes us to question our own human nature and our own classification of â€Å"the other†. We are positioned to feel guilt as we feel partly responsible for these racial stereotypes as we too, through our human nature, instinctively stick to our own. * Human nature is complex, values at polar opposites could exsist in the same man, particular beliefs could be compromised and in reality no one can ever truly understand the extent of complexities embedded within each person. * Racsim and nobility can exsist in the same man. Haggis has successfully portrayed this idea of human nature through the narrative conventions of camera shot and dialogue. * In one scene a cop pulls over a black couple, he abuses his power and shows extreme racism seen through the convention of low camera angle while he molests her. * In another scene the same cop shows nobility while is seen rescuing the same black woman he molested, he ironically says things to her such as â€Å"im not going to hurt you† * The camera angle in the first scene is a panning low angle displaying the police officers hand stroking up the womans leg, emphasizing his sickening racist actions. In the second scene the camera angle is a close camera angle focusing on his remorseful worrying facial expression. The shot of the hand in the first scene could represent â€Å"a mans hand† where the shot of his face in the second scene presents him, and therefore suggests that although his racism and dark side of his human nature exsists the good side of his human nature is a representation of his true identity and we begin to question the reasons behind his actions. * These two scenes In the movie crash display to us that humans are extremely complex. A man can live a life full of sin but then commit a noble act just as a man can be a criminal but then save a life. * The concept of human complexities is hard to grasp, an individuals identity can determine why they act a certain way or do certain things. The cop in the film displayed racism due to the fact that a black woman would not help his sick father, but does this excuse particular values and behaviours? * Through the convention of camera angle Haggis has effectively positioned the viewer to feel both disgust and awe at the same man. We begin to question what drives humans to be so complex and we wonder whether it is ever possible for a man to be seen as completely innocent. * Instinctively human natures drives us to protect and stick to our own, just as we repel those who are seen as different. * This universal value embedded inside each and every human is represented by Paul Haggis in the film crash through utlising the narrative convention of symbolism. * Crash follows the story of a Hispanic locksmith and unconditional love of his.

The Slavery Of The United States - 1181 Words

Since the beginning of the installment of slavery in the North American colonies, the act of forcibly enslaving Africans was a precarious issue that haunted the country and which continues to be a scourge on the annals of American history. Slavery provided the basis for the deadliest war in the history of the United States, and it claimed and destroyed the lives of countless victims. First brought over in the 1600s by colonists, African slaves became the backbone of the American agricultural economy. The livelihood of the country, and particularly the Southern states, depended on the institution of slavery, and for that reason, many citizens, both Northern and Southern, turned a blind eye to the matter. However, abolitionists who sought to†¦show more content†¦She connects with them through the descriptions of her childhood, the sadness of motherhood, the first-hand atrocities of slavery that she witnessed, and her terrifying experience of hiding. First, Jacobs begins her na rrative with a discussion of her life as a child. She starts off powerfully, stating, â€Å"I was born a slave; but I never knew it till six years of a happy childhood had passed away† (Jacobs 11). This simple yet profound statement is enough to illicit the attention of anyone sympathetic to the abolitionist cause. The thought of being born into slavery itself is horrendous, but then hearing that it only got worse for a child of six, makes it even more deplorable. She continues by giving background information on her family. Their story catches the reader’s attention because it is not the typical slave narrative in the beginning. Jacobs’s parents lived comfortably in a house, and her father was a skilled carpenter who was given a certain amount of freedom; he was allowed to â€Å"manage his own affairs† and â€Å"work at his trade† (11). He had hoped to earn enough money to purchase his children, but he was never able to. When she was six years old, Jacobs’s mother passed away, and her realization of being a slave came to pass. Still, she lived comfortably with her mistress, who taught her to read and write, until she died

Did Mary, Mother of Jesus, Really Exist

Most first-century Jewish women got little notice in historical accounts. One Jewish woman—the Virgin Mary—who allegedly lived in the first century, is remembered in the New Testament for her obedience to God. Yet no historical account answers the essential question: Did Mary, the mother of Jesus, really exist? The only record is the New Testament of the Christian Bible, which says that Mary was betrothed to Joseph, a carpenter in Nazareth, a small town in the Galilee region of Judea when she conceived Jesus through the action of Gods Holy Spirit (Matthew 1:18-20, Luke 1:35). No Records of the Virgin Mary Its not surprising that there is no historical record of Mary as the mother of Jesus. Given her residence in a hamlet in Judeas farming region, she was not likely from a wealthy or influential urban family with the means to record their ancestry. However, scholars today think that Marys ancestry may be surreptitiously recorded in the genealogy given for Jesus in Luke 3: 23-38, mainly because the Lukan account doesnt match Josephs heritage listed in Matthew 1:2-16. Furthermore, Mary was a Jew, a member of a society subjugated under Roman rule. Their records show that Romans generally didnt care to record the lives of the peoples they conquered, although they took great care to document their own exploits. Finally, Mary was a woman from a patriarchal society under the power of a patriarchal empire. Although certain archetypal female figures are celebrated in Jewish tradition, such as the virtuous woman of Proverbs 31:10-31, individual women had no expectation of being remembered unless they had status, wealth or performed heroic deeds in the service of men. As a Jewish girl from the country, Mary had none of the advantages that would have made it compelling to record her life in historical texts. The Lives of Jewish Women According to Jewish law, women in Marys time were thoroughly under the control of men, first of their fathers and then of their husbands. Women werent second-class citizens: they werent citizens at all and had few legal rights. One of a few recorded rights occurred in the context of marriage: If a husband availed himself of his biblical right to multiple wives, he was required to pay his first wife the ketubah, or the alimony that would be due her if they were to divorce. Although they lacked legal rights, Jewish women had significant duties related to family and faith in Marys time. They were responsible for keeping the religious dietary laws of kashrut (kosher); they began the weekly Sabbath observance by praying over candles, and they were responsible for propagating the Jewish faith in their children. Thus they exerted great informal influence over society despite their lack of citizenship. Mary Risked Being Charged With Adultery Scientific records estimate that women in Marys day achieved menarche somewhere around age 14, according to National Geographics newly published atlas, The Biblical World. Thus Jewish women often were married as soon as they became able to bear children in order to protect the purity of their bloodline, even though early pregnancy resulted in high rates of infant and maternal mortality. A woman found not to be a virgin on her wedding night, signified by the absence of hymeneal blood on the wedding sheets, was cast out as an adulteress with fatal results. Against this historical background, Marys willingness to be the earthly mother of Jesus was an act of courage as well as faithfulness. As Josephs betrothed, Mary risked being charged with adultery for agreeing to conceive Jesus when she legally could have been stoned to death. Only Josephs kindness to marry her and legally accept her child as his own (Matthew 1:18-20) saved Mary from an adulteress fate. Theotokos or Christokos In A.D. 431, the Third Ecumenical Council was convened in Ephesus, Turkey to determine a theological status for Mary. Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople, claimed Marys title of Theotokos or God-bearer, used by theologians since the mid-second century, erred because it was impossible for a human to give birth to God. Nestorius asserted Mary should be called Christokos or Christ-bearer because she was the mother only of Jesus human nature, not his divine identity. The church fathers at Ephesus would have none of Nestorius theology. They saw his reasoning as destroying Jesus unified divine and human nature, which in turn negated the Incarnation and thus human salvation. They affirmed Mary as Theotokos, a title still used for her today by Christians of Orthodox and Eastern-rite Catholic traditions. The creative solutions of the Ephesus council redressed Marys reputation and theological standing but did nothing to confirm her actual existence. Nonetheless, she remains a pivotal Christian figure revered by millions of believers around the world. Sources The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha, New Revised Standard Version (Oxford University Press 1994).The Jewish Study Bible (Oxford University Press, 2004).Mary (mother of Jesus) (2009, December 19), New World Encyclopedia. Retrieved 20:02, November 20, 2010. http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Mary_%28mother_of_Jesus%29?oldid946411.The Biblical World, An Illustrated Atlas, edited by Jean-Pierre Isbouts (National Geographic 2007).The Jewish People in the First Century, edited by S. Safrai and M. Stern (Van Gorcum Fortress Press 1988).